1.Ob txheej txheem ntawm Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
(1) Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) yog ib tug tshiab aquaculture qauv tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm intensive aquaculture, yam ntxwv los ntawm recirculation thiab rov siv cov kab lis kev cai dej. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm kev siv dej hauv cov dej haus ib txwm siv, RAS muab cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, txo cov dej haus, thiab txo qis ntawm cov pa tawm. Los ntawm kev tsim kho kom zoo ntawm cov dej xa dej thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm ntau qhov chaw thiab cov cuab yeej siv, RAS pab kom rov ua dua tshiab ntawm tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai dej ntim. Piv nrog rau cov tsoos aquaculture ib txwm siv, lawv zoo dua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob rau kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig, thiab tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob.
RAS xav tau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem dej huv thiab kev kho mob. Lawv cov txheej txheem tsim nrog rau kev siv ntau yam kev qhuab qhia thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis, suav nrog cov tshuab ua kua dej, biology, mechanical engineering, electronics, chemistry, thiab automation information technology. Lub qhov dej- tsim RAS tuaj yeem ua tiav tag nrho cov kev tswj xyuas dej tsis zoo xws li qhov kub thiab txias, cov pa oxygen, thiab cov as-ham, thiab nyob rau txhua qhov xwm txheej, ntau dua 90% ntawm cov dej hauv lub cev tuaj yeem rov siv dua los ntawm kev rov ua dua.
(2) Qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov zoo ntawm RAS
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) yog nyob rau hauv kev txhawb thiab optimizing aquaculture ntau lawm los ntawm industrialized thiab modernized mus kom ze. Los ntawm kev ua kom tiav - txheej txheem kev tswj hwm ntawm cov dej ib puag ncig, RAS tuaj yeem ib nrab kov yeej cov kev txwv sab nraud xws li kub, dej muaj, thiab qhov chaw, yog li ua tiav xyoo- puag ncig, ntau-batch txuas ntxiv. Qhov no tso cai rau tawm - lub caij ua liaj ua teb thiab staggered kev ua lag luam nkag, muab cov neeg tsim khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab cov nyiaj tau los ntau dua.
(3) Kev Ua Tau Zoo thiab Kev Siv Khoom Siv
Kev tsim khoom zoo heev ntawm RAS yog nyob ze rau nws cov kev tswj tau zoo thiab cov peev txheej -cov yam ntxwv zoo. Nyob rau hauv ib qho -unit- dej hauv paus, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom hauv dej hauv RAS yog 3-5 npaug siab dua li cov dej ntws ib txwm muaj- los ntawm kev siv dej hauv dej thiab 8-10 npaug siab dua li ntawm cov dej hauv pas dej, thaum muaj sia nyob nce ntau dua 10%. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv cov tshuaj tua tsiaj thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob raug txo los ntawm ze li 60%. Cov kev txhim kho dav dav hauv cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm RAS.
(4) Kev kho dej thiab kev sib koom ua ke
Hauv RAS, kab lis kev cai dej tau txais kev kho mob ntau yam, suav nrog kev pom lub cev, kev ua kom huv huv, kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, degassing, thiab oxygenation, tso cai rau tag nrho lossis ib nrab rov qab siv dej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ib puag ncig tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob xws li cov khoom siv tsis siv neeg, ua kom muaj qib ntawm automation thiab kev tswj xyuas ntse.
(5) Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb
RAS koom ua ke cov thev naus laus zis los ntawm kev tsim khoom siv nuv ntses, khoom siv kho tshuab, eco-cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, kev tswj hwm microecological, thiab kev tswj hwm digital. Raws li kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig kev tsim khoom, uas cuam tshuam tsawg heev los ntawm cov xwm txheej sab nraud, RAS ua kom pom cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb suav nrog kev txuag dej thiab thaj av, txo qis zog thov rau kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, ruaj khov, kev loj hlob sai, cov khoom ntim siab, thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm eco- phooj ywg, muaj kuab paug- khoom dawb. Raws li xws li, RAS raug suav hais tias yog "tus qauv kev cog qoob loo zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev nqis peev ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st."
(6) Kev tsim kho thiab kev siv hauv Suav teb
Txog rau tam sim no, ntau dua 900 qhov loj - nplai RAS tau tsim thiab tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb, hla cov ntug dej hiav txwv loj thiab cov cheeb tsam hauv av, txuas mus rau Xinjiang. Cov kab ke no, suav nrog ob qho tib si marine thiab dej tshiab daim ntaub ntawv, tau ua tiav kev lag luam, ua tau raws li cov hom phiaj tsim khoom thiab ua kom pom kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov kev coj ua ntau lawm paub meej tias RAS tsis yog tsuas yog xa cov khoom tsim tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab ib puag ncig zoo, tab sis kuj ua tiav cov nqi tsim khoom qis dua ib chav tsev tawm los piv nrog lwm cov qauv aquaculture.
2. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) siv dav siv cov khoom siv engineering thiab thev naus laus zis. Feem ntau, lawv muaj cov txheej txheem thiab cov chaw rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom; tshem tawm cov khoom tshem tawm thiab soluble organic teeb meem; tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom thiab teeb meem soluble inorganic ntsev xws li ammonia thiab nitrite; tswj kab mob; tshem tawm carbon dioxide los ntawm cov metabolism hauv kab lis kev cai thiab kab mob; oxygen supplementation; thiab kub tswj. Cov txheej txheem kev koom tes suav nrog thermal rwb thaiv tsev thiab kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, kev tshem tawm cov khoom, tshem tawm cov dej tsis muaj nitrogen thiab phosphorus, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, nrog rau oxygenation.
(1) Industrialized thiab Intensive ntau lawm nta
RAS ntxiv dag zog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam aquaculture, muab kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv av me me, thaum kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm thaj av thiab dej. Raws li qhov siab - tawm tswv yim, siab - tso zis, siab - ceev, thiab siab - qauv kev ua liaj ua teb, RAS ua raws li Tuam Tshoj lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb rau ecological civilization thiab sustainable kev loj hlob cov tswv yim.
(2) Ecological thiab Strategic tseem ceeb
Nrog nws cov kev siv zog, ua tau zoo, lub zog -txuag, emission- txo qis, thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo ib puag ncig, RAS tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv thiab hloov kho cov dej hauv Suav teb mus rau qis - carbon thiab ntsuab kev loj hlob. Tau ntau xyoo sib law liag, RAS tau teev tseg los ntawm Ministry of Agriculture thiab Rural Affairs ntawm Tuam Tshoj raws li kev pom zoo siv thev naus laus zis loj.
(3) Txoj Kev Loj Hlob Tam Sim No thiab Kev Sib Tw
Tam sim no, tus qauv no tau txais kev lees paub thoob plaws hauv kev kawm thiab kev lag luam hauv Suav teb. Qhov ntsuas ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev ua liaj ua teb tag nrho tau nce tsis tu ncua nyob rau xyoo tas los no, ua RAS yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam aquaculture.
3.Ob qhia txog kev tshawb fawb thiab Industrialization ntawm Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
(1) Kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lag luam
Kev Tshawb Fawb Thaum Ntxov thiab Kev Txhim Kho
Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) tau tshwm sim hauv Nyij Pooj thaum xyoo 1950. Tom qab ntawd, ntau lub tebchaws tau pib tshawb fawb txog kev kho dej thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis rau RAS. Thaum pib, cov kev tshawb fawb no tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog thiab thoob dej yug ntses -style systems (nrog kab lis kev cai ntom ntom ntawm 0.16-0.48 kg / m³). Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem zoo li no tsis suav nrog cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam aquaculture-tshwj xeeb yog hais txog cov nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem, kev siv cov peev txheej, qhov sib piv ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab cov dej huv huv, thiab lub cev muaj peev xwm nqa tau (feem ntau 50-300 kg / m³). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb tau ntsib ntau qhov kev poob qis, siv ntau cov peev txheej, thiab tau nce qeeb.
Paub txog cov yam ntxwv Dynamic
Cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov kuj tau saib xyuas tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm RAS: nws qhov xwm txheej zoo. Kev tsim thiab degradation tus nqi ntawm cov ntses metabolic pov tseg yuav tsum ncav cuag dynamic equilibrium rau lub system kom nyob ruaj khov thiab noj qab nyob zoo. Los ntawm nruab nrab -1980s, nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov dej zoo tsis zoo- xws li pH, yaj oxygen (DO), tag nrho nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO₃⁻), biochemical oxygen xav tau (BOD), thiab tshuaj lom neeg oxygen xav tau (COD) - thiab lawv cov qauv hloov pauv hauv cov dej hauv dej, cov kev hloov pauv hloov tau maj mam. tsim. Piv txwv li, oxygen deficiency tuaj yeem kho tau sai los ntawm aeration, tab sis cov lus teb ntawm cov kab mob nitrifying kom nce ammonia concentrations feem ntau poob qis dua. Yog li, kev paub tob txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev txwv tsis pub dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv rau kev tsim qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Cov kev sib tw hauv Kev Ua Si Thaum Ntxov
Ntau tus kws kho tsiaj hauv dej tau muaj kev paub txog kev ntws tawm - los ntawm cov tshuab siv zog tab sis tsis muaj kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm RAS. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lawv feem ntau ua tsis tau zoo los tswj cov khoom ntim kom zoo, cov nyiaj pub mis, pub ntau zaus, thiab kev tswj dej kom zoo, ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cov dej ntws thiab cov khoom siv cycling thiab thaum kawg ua rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Qhov tsis muaj kev nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tswj hwm kev paub tau tshwm sim hauv cov kab lis kev cai ntom ntom: chav kuaj- nplai RAS feem ntau ua tiav tsuas yog 10–42 kg / m³, thaum lub lag luam thaum ntxov- nplai RAS khaws cia qis li 6.7–7.9 kg / m³. Tom qab ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis- suav nrog cov txheej txheem kev ua kom zoo dua qub, aeration thiab oxygenation (piv txwv li, siv cov pa oxygen), kev pub mis siv tau, thiab xaiv cov tsiaj uas tsim nyog- niaj hnub RAS tau kov yeej ntau yam txwv thiab tam sim no tuaj yeem txhawb nqa kab lis kev cai siab ntawm 50-300 kg / m³.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis
Raws li ib txwm ua dej hauv pas dej tau ntsib stagnation vim kev sib tw hauv av thiab ib puag ncig kev nyuaj siab, RAS hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab North America tau ntsib kev loj hlob sai ntawm xyoo 1980 thiab 1990s. Qhov kev lag luam nthuav dav no tau nrog kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, suav nrog kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tsis yog - cov lim lim rau cov khib nyiab loj, ozonation rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov organic teeb meem degradation, thiab kev txhim kho ntau cov lim dej xws li cov lim dej submerged, cov lim dej lim dej, cov lim dej reciprocating, kev sib cuag rotating, thiab biofilters. zoo li anaerobic denitrification units. Nrog rau cov kev nce qib no, RAS maj mam loj hlob thiab nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv thov kev lag luam.
Case ntawm Tebchaws Meskas
Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ob qho tib si tseem ceeb thiab siv RAS kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog thaj chaw xws li khoom noj khoom haus thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm cov tsiaj ua liaj ua teb, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab cov thev naus laus zis kho dej. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm US RAS yog lawv cov qib siab ntawm automation thiab mechanization hauv kev tswj dej zoo. Khoos phis tawj-cov tshuab pabcuam tau tswj hwm cov pa oxygen, pH, conductivity, turbidity, thiab ammonia qib, nrog rau ib puag ncig xws li kub, av noo, thiab lub teeb siv. Leveraging nws advanced industrial puag, Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau dav siv siab - cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis rau oxygenation, bio purification, khib nyiab tshem tawm, muab qhab nia, thiab sau qoob loo. Piv txwv li, kev sim RAS tsim los ntawm Center of Marine Biotechnology ntawm University of Maryland suav nrog cov txheej txheem kho anaerobic, zoo ib yam li cov tshuab tsim los ntawm Aquatec-Kev daws teeb meem hauv Denmark.
4. Cov Kev Sib Tw thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Loj Hlob rau Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam Hauv Kev Lag Luam (RAS)
(1) Kev koom ua ke tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv thiab khoom siv
Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj txoj kev kho dej, kev pub mis tsis siv neeg, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab cov khoom siv aeration tau maj mam nce mus txog qib siab thoob ntiaj teb, kev sib koom ua ke tag nrho tseem tsis txaus. Qhov tsis muaj qhov loj - cov tuam txhab lag luam uas muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov khoom siv RAS tau nce cov nqi tsim kho thiab qhov nyuaj, yog li cuam tshuam kev nce qib sai ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
(2) Xav tau kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb
Tam sim no, cov qauv aquafeed hauv Suav teb yog homogeneous heev thiab tsis muaj cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb tsim rau RAS thiab cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb. Qhov no ua rau kom lub nra hnyav ntawm kev kho dej thiab cuam tshuam rau kev ua liaj ua teb. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim hom- tshwj xeeb RAS pub nrog zoo- khoom noj khoom haus sib npaug, qis leaching tus nqi, thiab kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv tau zoo.
(3) Kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev tswj hwm yuav tsum muaj kev txiav txim siab ntau dua
High- ntom thiab siab- ua liaj ua teb ua tau zoo ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob tshwm sim thaum lub cev tsis sib xws, thiab cov kab mob nyuaj rau kev tshem tawm hauv cov kaw lus kaw. Kev ua kom zoo dua qub yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo dua los txhim kho lub peev xwm buffering, thaum kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tsom mus rau ntses lub cev nqaij daim tawv, cov lus teb rau kev ntxhov siab, cov kab mob thaum ntxov, thiab cov kab mob zoo- ceeb toom mechanisms.
(4) Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev txo nqi
Kev tsim kho kev lag luam siab thiab kev siv hluav taws xob yog qhov kev sib tw uas tsis tuaj yeem zam ntawm RAS. Lub zog-Txuag kev ntsuas yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si cov cuab yeej thiab cov txheej txheem, suav nrog kev txhim kho qis- lub zog lim dej, CO₂ tshem tawm cov cuab yeej, cov cuab yeej kho dej tailwater, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab xws li hnub ci, cua, thiab dej- cov twj tso cua sov.
(5) Tsis muaj Standardization hauv Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas
Tam sim no, tsis muaj cov qauv kev sib koom ua ke lossis cov qauv rau RAS hauv Suav teb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev tsim qauv, kev tswj hwm kev coj ua, thiab kev ua liaj ua teb sib txawv, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm yog ib txwm muaj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tsim kom muaj cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm rau kev noj qab haus huv aquaculture, txhim kho cov txheej txheem thiab kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem, thiab txhawb kev ua qauv qhia rau cov qauv tsim.
(6) Xav tau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb
Kev nkag siab txog kev nkag siab txog ntau yam tseem tsis txaus, suav nrog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm hom kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv siab - qhov ntom ntom thiab cov dej zoo tshwj xeeb, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem biofilm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov txheej txheem kev noj qab haus huv, thiab txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tshem tawm thiab kev kho mob tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov khoob no cuam tshuam kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thiab khoom siv.
(7) Txoj Kev Txhim Kho Yav Tom Ntej thiab Lub Sijhawm
Txawm hais tias cov kev cov nyom no, RAS muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tsim khoom, kev ruaj ntseg ib puag ncig, thiab tsiaj noj qab haus huv. Raws li tus qauv ntsuab, ecological, ncig, thiab kev ua liaj ua teb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nws ua raws li kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb mus rau qis -carbon kev loj hlob. Nrog rau kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev nuv ntses, kev nce qib ntawm ecological civilization, thiab acceleration ntawm carbon neutrality lub hom phiaj, RAS yuav tsum nkag mus rau theem tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob sai.